School Drop Out Rates Essay Example

School Drop Out Rates Essay Probably the best blessing to have been gave to the offspring of our country is the contribution of fair scholarly education.â It is by methods for the instruction introduced that we as people can create and propel the essential aptitudes to lead beneficial and prosperous lives.â by and large, while many may think back fortunately at the information picked up all through our school years, the equivalent may not be said for everybody, as dropout rates keep on assuming a sensational job in today’s society.â â So what are dropout rates and how are they critical to the individual dropout as well as to society as well?â Throughout the accompanying we will address these inquiries just as investigate different techniques for estimation, the legitimacy of those estimations, minority and ethnic gatherings influenced and potential arrangements with respect to this significant issue.If â€Å"knowledge is power†, at that point for what reason would one select to invalidate such an exceptional blessing?  Though school for specific understudies can without a doubt be troublesome, awkward and exhausting on occasion, the outcomes rendered from freeing themselves of this learning procedure can be unmistakably additionally overpowering in the long run.â Low paying occupations, absence of education and personal satisfaction issues are just a couple of such consequences.â Furthermore, singular dropouts are by all account not the only ones to experience the ill effects of these effects.â Communities with higher dropout rates will in general have more noteworthy rates of occupants gathering open help, charge income misfortunes and raised wrongdoing rates.â For example, it is accepted that dropouts are 3.5 occasions bound to carry out crimes.â That being stated, 75% of jail detainees have not moved on from a secondary school program. This thus rejects more prominent jail costs. Furthermore, examines have indicated that unlawful medication use may in crement among secondary school dropouts. (Smink, J., Drew, S. Duckenfield, M., 2006)Sadly, kids may likewise get themselves casualties in the instructive push and pull as they become inclined to rehashing the pattern of their folks. (Smink, J., Drew, S. Duckenfield, M., 2006)â As kids, we increased a lot of information by what we saw and what we â€Å"believed† to be correct.â On that note, in the event that guardians don't take their own instruction, or scarcity in that department, truly, at that point it makes sense with regards to what heading their youngsters will take?â Yet, to talk about sick impacts may not be enough.â â In request to in any event understand the extent of this continuous issue and its social consequences, overseeing elements must have the option to measurably assess data that introduces itself as a way to create solutions.â Dropout rates may serve this very purpose.Since the 1970’s dropout rates have slowly diminished, yet issues of i nstructive deserting remain.â The aggregation of information used to examine dropout rates can be a promising apparatus in deciding school execution as well as be useful in unraveling trends.â â By contemplating these rates, the improvement of uncommon administrations committed to the decrease and avoidance of dropouts from state to state can be initiated.â It is important to make reference to that accessible administrations originate from banded together endeavors, for example, legislative and network offices just as through business.â â â â€Å"Students by and large are considered to have dropped out when they leave school, don't move, don't graduate and don't come back to class in the following year.†Ã¢ Methods of deciding dropout rates fluctuate, notwithstanding, dependant upon the inquiry to be replied, for example, explicit age gatherings, yearly rates or consolidated evaluation levels over a time of time.â Some of the most noted rate structures are Longit udinal, Attrition, Annual and Status Rates.â (Creech, 2000)Longitudinal Rates are helpful in deciding â€Å"the level of ninth graders who don't graduate in five years†.â Using division (No. of dropouts/No. of unique class individuals) this rate is handily produced and offers the understudy a more noteworthy timeframe to get their secondary school certificate.â However, because of constrained accessibility of fundamental data like that of the genuine number of school moves, the rates may not be entirely accurate.â For this explanation, Longitudinal Rates are principally projections of yearly rates.â (Creech, 2000)Similarly, Attrition Rates are controlled by ninth grade rates yet don't take into consideration the extra (fifth) year and like Longitudinal Rates certain vital data might be missing to precisely show up at genuine percentages.â These rates are processed by deduction and division techniques utilizing the quantity of ninth grade understudies enlisted four years earlier short the all out number of graduating understudies and afterward partitioning by the ninth grade enlistment numbers.â (Creech, 2000)â While hard to comprehend, the accompanying model may serve to explain any confusion.â If we had 450 all out understudies tried out ninth grade and after four years just 350 graduated, it is evident we would have 100 understudies who might considered dropouts.â If we at that point take those 100 understudies and separation it by the 450 understudies at first selected our Attrition Rate would bring about 22.2% dropout rate covering that four-year time of time.School execution rates are the essential objective of Annual Dropout Rates which looks at enlistment for the long periods of May and June to those of the accompanying September.â Although by and large dropout rates from year to year are effectively dictated by this strategy, state minor departure from grade levels included showcase no uniformity.â subsequently, state-to- state correlations are not feasible.â Another impediment of dissecting just the quantity of dropouts for that given year is lower rate rates that may not portray the real problem.â For example normal rates ordered over a time of four years may not compare to yearly rates.â Lower rates can likewise be ascribed to the evaluation level varieties, as states remembering seventh and eighth grade understudies for their last percentage.â Typically, understudies of more youthful age bunches don't dropout of school until a lot later when limitations are lifted.â In this sense, underestimation appears to be inescapable. (Creech, 2000)Status Rates are collected through U.S Census Bureau Population Surveys and are utilized to decide dropout rates among explicit age gatherings and are the most advantageous or exact rates for correlation of state-to-state percentages.â For instance, Status Rates may report the level of 16 through multi year-olds who have not graduated secondary school and who are not enrolled.â (Creech, 2000)â According to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES, 2001) â€Å"in October 1999, there were 3.8 million 16-24-year-olds were not taken a crack at a secondary school program and who had not finished high school†, paying little mind to when they went to school.â Consequently, 11.2% of 16 through 24-year-old dropouts in the United States fell inside this category.â â Through such rates the general dropout issue existing inside our populace is uncovered. Status Rates can significantly help in the assistance of building up extra instruction and preparing intended to help affect dropouts to all the more promptly take an interest inside the nation’s economy just as lead progressively gainful lives.The NCES likewise registers yearly Event Rate Statistics.â â These rates include, ages 15 through 24-year-olds in levels 10-12 who have dropped out in the year going before the information assortment and is an impor tant measure regarding the adequacy of educator’s capacity to keep understudies enrolled.â It is critical to specify that with the factual counts for Event Rates, understudies are seen as having finished a secondary school program whether through conventional class work or by accepting their accreditation by means of interchange means, for example, a GED. It is assessed that while in the course of the most recent 25 years Event Dropout Rates have vacillated, a general abatement has been recorded from 6.1% in 1972 to 5.0% in 1999.â â â Event Status Rates (1999) additionally decided â€Å"5 out of each 100 youthful grown-ups who were tried out secondary school in October 1998 were no longer in school and had not effectively finished high school†.â Event rates are gathered through Current Population Surveys (CPS). Such reviews take into consideration computations to be resolved dependent on qualities, for example, ethnicity, sex, area of residency and pay le vel.â For example, the NCES has incorporated information in 1999 that upheld the way that understudies of families in the least 20% of family earnings had a five times higher probability of dropping out of school.â Which minority bunches in general are bound to dropout of school can likewise be resolved through Event Rates.â (NCES, 2001)According to determined rates Hispanics make up most of school dropouts among minority and ethnic groups.â As Creech (2000) calls attention to, insights set out by the NCES, confirmed that 38% of Hispanic understudies had dropped out of school in 1998, though, just 17% of dark understudies were evaluated to have dropped out inside that predefined year.â Figures, for example, these might be to a great extent because of language obstructions of understudies brought into the world abroad or living with families where English is utilized basically as a second language.â â Overall dark and Hispanic understudies were 2-3 times bound to drop ou t of school than white students.â Other social impacts that may add to higherâ drop out rates are pregnancy, conduct issues and confidence issues.â In request to battle these issues, unique projects for bunches like teenager guardians and those whose first language isn't English must be instituted.â (Creech, 2000)Yet, even with the mass measures of specialized data offered concerning the different strategies and estimations of dropout rates, we are left with th

How to Get an Internship in College When You Don’t Know Anybody

Instructions to Get an Internship in College When You Don’t Know Anybody You know the drill. Beneficial things happen to individuals who know individuals. That’s how temporary jobs and occupations are landed-individual associations. However, imagine a scenario in which you don’t know anybody. How are you expected to get that entry level position, not to mention a vocation? Here are four proactive and innovative things that you can do to beat the odds.Brand YourselfIt’s never too soon to make a one of a kind individual brand. That’s the sort of thing that truly sings to selection representatives, in addition to it shows a familiarity with important online networking stages. Utilize your most loved applications to make a stage and a climate around yourself and your specific aptitudes and interests. What's more, use web programming and blog destinations to feature your best achievements on the web. Consider it an online portfolio, regardless of what your field.And keep it proficient. Twofold check your e-nearness with the assistan ce of a site like Reppler.com. At that point engage in any significant conversations in your picked field.Be SpecificWhen you’re chipping away at your resume and introductory letter, help yourself out and make them as focused explicitly to the activity or temporary job you need as could reasonably be expected. Give printing a shot both the set of working responsibilities and your resume and afterward experience both with a highlighter. You need however many catchphrases to cover as could be expected under the circumstances. In the event that you don’t have many, revisit and retool your resume. At that point draft a modified introductory letter for that specific position. It shows your painstakingness and furthermore your degree of speculation before you even get an interview.Go to the OfficeYour school or college has a lifelong office which is as it should be. Use it. Vocation guides are prepared to help with general pursuit of employment techniques, and can be a signi ficant asset, yet there are likewise profession consultants there who have explicit information on the field you’re attempting to break into. Proceed to pick their cerebrums. Have them run a fine-toothed search through your materials. Approach them for key guidance. No one can really tell what they could turn up, including organizations scanning for applicants simply like you!Go Above and BeyondThe rest is up to your polished methodology and appeal. Find out about the organization before the meeting. Practice your responses to regular example questions. Get a decent night’s rest, dress suitably, consistently be 10â minutes early. Warmly greet everybody. Look. Remain on your toes. Be affable and warm while making them perceive how qualified you are. At that point compose an insightful follow-up thank you email and address it to your questioners by name.

New Student Photo Series 2012 Post#4 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Series 2012 Post#4 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Photo submissions continue to roll in for our new student photo series.   If you are an incoming student and wish to share your photos on our blog, please review this entry for details on how to submit your photos. The first set of photos today was submitted by Christina Hawatmeh, an incoming MIA student. Helen Thomas stands to honor the late Anthony Shadid (whose whole family was present) at the Gala for the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee’s National Convention (considered to be one of the largest political and social gatherings of Arab Americans in the country).   June 21-24, 2012 The photo is of GSAPP students and myself meeting with the Mayor of Abween, West Bank during The Riwaq Summer Internship Program, which was held for the first time during the month of August 2011. The program, led by GSAPP Adjunct Assistant Professor, Craig Konyk, involved nine GSAPP students working on the documentation, rehabilitation, and development of the architectural heritage of Deir Ghassaneh (Bani Zeid) in the West Bank, located approximately 25 kilometers northwest of Ramallah.   I was privileged to visit and develop the internship program as CUMERCs GSAPP Program Officer.   Photo was taken in Abween, West Bank The picture is with Amr Moussa, who most recently ran for Egyptian President.   Trip Sponsorship to Cairo as a participant as a US Youth Ambassador for the First Arab Expatriates Conference entitled, “A Bridge for Communication,” hosted by Secretary General (Dec. 2010).   Photo was taken at the Arab League Headquarters, Cairo, Egypt The second set of photos was submitted by Anne Bergman, an incoming MIA student. This photo was taken from our hot air balloon as we drifted from our launch site in the U.A.E. over the deserts of Oman. I took this photo on our final ascent to the summit of Kilimanjaro this past January.   As we rounded this bend we watched the sun rise over the massive glacier atop the mountain â€" phenomenal! Each Sunday, U.N. Peacekeepers (primarily of Pakistani origin), would cross the border from Goma, D.R.C. to neighboring Rwanda.   On this particular Sunday, they challenged a group of European travelers to a beach volleyball match.

Human Beings Are Responsible For The Issue Of Global...

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What Makes A Great Leader - 1375 Words

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A supervisor in a company will be motivated about the people they supervise and the tasks set ahead. Being an adventurer is also important because it shows you are willing to take risks for the company. This characteristic can be viewed as an asset to the company. Another characteristic of a good entrepreneur is being an opportunist. This is someone who is willing to invest their time and energy on a product, even if people don’t agree with the plan. This is a trait that every en trepreneur should have and is very crucial to the success of a company. Often times this kind of leader is known as limitless. They are known for going above and beyond to get a specific task done in detail. They always believe in the greater good and offer brighter prospects to the table. An opportunistic view is helpful when conducting business in a professional setting. 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Hume’s Argument for Skepticism Free Essays

Eryn Croft Professor Chudnoff PHI 101 Honors October 9, 2012 Hume’s argument for skepticism about induction states that we can use induction, like causation, to gain knowledge. We must rely on induction to draw conclusions in everyday life because it is the only resource we have to work with. However, we must realize the limitations of induction. We will write a custom essay sample on Hume’s Argument for Skepticism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Philosopher Karl Popper successfully undermines Hume’s problem of induction by proving that induction is not needed in science and that Hume’s argument is circular. Karl Popper argued that induction cannot be used in science. He says that induction can never be proven by experimentation. Science instead uses deduction by formulating theories and hypotheses. Science uses the method of conjecture and refutation. Hypotheses can never be proven or verified, but their success can be compared to other hypotheses. The usefulness of a hypothesis can be determined through deduction or predictions. Scientists test theories by making completely falsifiable claims. If there is nothing you can to do disprove the claim then the hypothesis is corroborated. A corroborated theory should not be considered true, merely accepted until better theories are discovered. Popper said that a theory can never be confirmed by observation. Where Hume argues that our theory originates from repetition, Popper argues that theory begins before repetition. Therefore, Popper argued that science does not even use induction. Karl Popper also argued that inductive reasoning leads to more inductive reasoning, leading to a circular argument. The problem of induction is that induction is creating the problem and â€Å"begging the question. † In order to avoid begging the question when using inductive reasoning, you might introduce a new inductive principle. By introducing a new inductive principle, you would have to make justification based on experience, leading to even more inductive reasoning. Hume argues that we need to justify induction, but Popper says it is not necessary because it leads to more induction and hence a circular argument. Popper also completely denies that induction is an a priori synthetic truth. An a priori truth is necessary and truth preserving, meaning it cannot be false. If induction is a priori, then it would not require justification based upon experience because it is already true. Since Popper rejects the traditional inductive model in science, he had to replace it with his own approach. Popper chose to accept William Whewell’s ‘hypothetico-deductive model. ’ He said that science does not use the inductive model, but instead uses the hypothetico-deductive model. The model begins by formulating a hypothesis that can be falsified by a test on observable data. We can then experiment or make observations to falsify the theory. Now the theory can be falsified or corroborated. If it is corroborated, then it will be accepted and used repeatedly until a better theory proves better. In Hume’s view, observation comes before theory, whereas Popper’s view is that theory comes before observation. Popper believes that having an observation without first considering a theory is pointless. He argued that theories are only scientific if they are capable of being refuted by tests. As a result, Popper thought that falsifiability and testability were synonymous. One of Popper’s biggest arguments against Hume’s theory of induction is in his explanation of corroboration. A theory can only be corroborated if it does not contradict the basic, accepted statements. Even if a theory is falsified, we can still find many areas of corroboration. If a theory is highly falsified, then it is also highly corroborated. Needless to say, a falsified theory cannot also be considered corroborated. Merely, we can find corroboration through the steps taken to falsify a theory. Popper also acknowledges that corroboration is relative to time. He wanted to ensure that corroboration was not used to determine truth or falsehood. Although Popper successfully undermines Hume’s argument for skepticism of induction, there are also problems with Popper’s argument. Scientists always repeat experiments in order to ensure that the results are accurate and valid. An experiment cannot be proven correct unless other scientists replicate the experiment and achieve the same results. However, Popper argues that scientific knowledge is created by conjecture and criticism; but repeating experiments is not conjecture or criticism, it is induction. You would not repeat experiments for conjecture because it would be repetitive and unnecessary. Repeating experiments is in fact induction because it is allowing for the possibility that the conclusion is false. For example, if all of the Ibis we have ever observed are white, we can induce that all Ibis are white. This observation about Ibis is not conjecture because our past experiences offer sufficient proof that all Ibis are white. Induction is based off of past experiences and repetitive observations. Therefore, scientists’ repeating an experiment is in fact induction, not conjecture or criticism. Scientific knowledge is an infinite cycle of inductive logic. Inductive logic continuously replaces one theory, with a better more inclusive theory that also relies on inductive logic. In addition, science does have theories that they think are proven. When scientists create a law, it is based on a theory proven through induction. For example, Isaac Newton was sitting under an apple tree when an apple suddenly fell next to him on the ground. Newton used his observation to conclude that gravity was the force that caused the apple to fall to the ground instead of merely floating in the air. Newton, by direct observation and repetition, proved the Universal Law of Gravitation. Popper argued that theories proven corroborated should not be considered true. But gravity can in fact only be proven true through induction, not conjecture. Newton did not attempt to continuously falsify gravity, but instead continuously prove gravity through causal relations. If the apple always falls to the ground and always has in the past, then we can use inductive reasoning to assume that gravity is the cause of the fall. Finally, scientists must use prediction as part of methodology in science. Popper says that theory comes before observation. Prediction is the majority of proposing a theory. We cannot use Popper’s ‘hyptothetico-deductive model’ without the methods of induction because probability is part of induction. Induction allows us to predict the outcome, and thus create a theory. Induction is included in Popper’s own models, which negates his claim that science does not use induction. Hume’s argument for skepticism about induction has many valuable points that allow us to conclude that induction can be a valuable tool in drawing conclusions; we just have to be skeptical when using induction so we are not misled. Karl Popper successfully undermines Hume’s argument, but there can also be objections to Popper’s argument. As a result, it is best to combine Hume’s argument with Popper’s argument. First, we can accept Popper’s claim that deductive arguments are usually always rationally and logically true. For example, the word bachelor will always be accepted as someone who is unmarried. We can also realize that when using induction, there is always a gap between the premises and the conclusion. We must use probability and past observations to reach a conclusion and close the gap between premises. However, we cannot assume that Popper’s method of falsifying theories and corroborating theories to necessarily be correct. Hume believes that observation comes before theory, while Popper believes that theory comes before observation and is then proven false. Attempting to falsify statements is actually using inductive reasoning, so Popper is not absolutely rejecting induction. As a result, we cannot absolutely reject induction either. We must also accept that induction is definitely a priori, definitely truth preserving. It is a known fact. However, an a priori truth is based on probability and enquiring. For example, we cannot say bachelors are not married without enquiring about people we know to be bachelors. Thus, we still use induction and cannot rule it out in the scientific process. As a result, we can argue that science uses both inductive and deductive methods to reach conclusions. How to cite Hume’s Argument for Skepticism, Essays

Timothy Brown Essays - Leadership, , Term Papers

Timothy Brown Mr. Hurt Leadership April 5, 2016 Servant Leadership I chose my girlfriend to help me with the servant leadership questionnaire. From the Greenleaf's definition of servant leader, servant leadership is to serve others first before serving oneself. The reason I chose my girlfriend to help me out with this questionnaire is because I feel she know me and been around me longer than my coworkers. My first score for emotional healing is a twenty-four, which is high. Emotional healing is recognizing others' problems and taking time to address them. I strongly agree that others will sometime seek help from me if they had a personal problem. I always care about others' personal well-being. Whenever a friend or coworker need help I always make time to talk to others on a personal level. After being around people for a while I can sense when something is bothering them or their not in a good mood. My second score is a fourteen with creating value for the community. The reason my my score is so low in this category is because I hardly take on extra-curricular activities around my community. I somewhat emphasize the importance of giving back to the community. I rarely show an interest in helping people in the community. Being a fairly new student to Columbus State, I'm not really involved in the activities there are around school. Since I'm not really involved with the community I rarely encourage others to get involved. When it come to having conceptual skills, I have a high score of twenty-three in this area. From working at Best Buy now for nine months I can tell when something is not going right with the organization. Within my organization I can solve some of the complex situations that come my way. I strongly agree when it comes to having a thorough understanding of the organization and its goals. When working for any business I think it is important to understand their goals. I have a moderate score of twenty-two when it come to empowerment. Empowering is allowing followers the freedom to be independent, make decisions on their own, and be self-sufficient. When there is a new employee I always give them some responsibility to make decisions about their job. I think it is important to allow others to handle important work decisions on their own. When you allow others to make decisions it give the organization a sense of diversity. Even if I think different about a certain thing, I always allow others to handle situations in ways they feel is best. People don't have to always consult me when it comes to making a decision about work. In the fifth category, with helping followers grow and succeed I scored a high score of twenty-five. I always ask people what are their career goals and what they going to do to fulfill that goal. Encouraging others to reach their career goals is important to me. Providing other with work experience that enables them to develop a new skill is essential. This couple help the organization grown overall. Being knowledgeable with other people career goals is important. Sometimes its important to put other before yourself. When it comes to putting my followers before myself I scored a nineteen. With servant leadership its imperative to put others first. I often do care about the success of others than my own. I somewhat put others' best interest above my own. This is something I could work on, because I sometime look out for myself first. Sometime I sacrifice self interest to meet others' need. I always do what I can to make any of my coworker's job easier. Doing what I can to help others in my workforce it important to me. The last category is behaving ethically, with my score in this area is moderate. When at work I hold high ethical standards. Being an ethical leader can help you sleep better at night. I agree when it comes to be being always honest while at work. I strongly agree that I will never compromise ethical principles in order to meet success. Doing the wrong thing just to get ahead at work is not the right thing to do. Valuing honesty more than

Daytime Television †Creative Writing Journal Informal Essay

Daytime Television – Creative Writing Journal Informal Essay Free Online Research Papers Daytime Television Creative Writing Journal Informal Essay Ah, home after a long three hour and ten minute day at school. Now it is time to relax. I sit down at the computer to check my mail and delete the spam that AOL never catches. Then I keep current on my little eBay â€Å"business† to see what is happening. After a disappointing run-in with that, I wonder what I can do next. â€Å"Hmm†¦,† I think to myself. â€Å"Why don’t I watch the television for awhile?† So, I go flip on the TV and sit down on the couch. I find the local channels flooded with the most enriching and entertaining programs. Why there are all sorts of things that I can see. First up, there are many infomercials on air. These are quite informative. Just the other day, I learned about how I can start selling novelties for large profits because I am able to buy them at wholesale. Not to mention that if the guy who played Richard’s dad on Happy Days says it is good, well I suppose it has to work, because that guy is rich. So, is the one person in Florida who makes five million dollars a year through mail-order business and the policeman who started with just fifty dollars in his pocket. I mean, this sure saved him from delivering mail or something and having to walk fifteen miles through the snow on his route uphill both ways. After this, there is a wonderful history lesson on foot orthotics and supports. The lesson slowly evolves into selling a product, as all infomercials do. It shows that if you stand up straight with your feet together and your arms bent in front of you at 90 degree angles with your hands together and someone pushes down on your hands, you will most likely stand on your tiptoes. But, if buy their product and someone pushes down on your hands while if you stand up straight with your feet together and your arms bent in front of you at 90 degree angles with your hands together, you will stand with your feet firmly on the ground. This simple parlor trick is available to viewer starting at only $49.99. And who can resist Tony Little’s Gazelle Elite? With Tony screaming for thirty minutes and assistants named Lisa, Lisa, and Dave, no one can. Nor can you not watch Chuck Norris challenge people at the local gym to try out the Total Gym. Best of all they can isolate their muscles on this machine. And for only $300 plus shipping and handling, I can look like Chuck Norris, or I can try the Gazelle Freestyle in my home risk free for thirty days for $14.95. I am guaranteed to love it. I think the subliminal messages are best said when the food commercials come on before the exercising commercials. For example, the Ultimate chopper can convert to the Ultimate blender and it makes the ultimate meals for the ultimate price. It makes the ultimate gift for the ultimate neighbor, friend, relative, guy on the street†¦. They tell you to buy three but one will ultimately suffice. It never breaks down, never wears out, and is guaranteed for life. And for all the viewers in Utah, buy one for each wife. Buy them left, buy them right, use it day and night but put lid on tight so it doesn’t take flight, the Ultimate Chopper is out of sight. With three ultimate payments of $39.99, it is the ultimate aid for the ultimate dine. The infomercials on FOX are a cry of relief from the soap operas on ABC, NBC and CBS. It does always seem that As the World Turns, the Days of Our Lives fade into the Passions of our desires. Although the Young and Restless second-rate actors and actresses could probably use a Guiding Light to get to the General Hospital for mental health, their Bold and Beautiful mindsets scream that they only have One Life to Live. Personally, I would not want All My Children watching any of these never-ending dramas. However, there is something to be said about these shows; their influential and addictive. Their target audience is women, but even men get caught up in the crap. They have inspired ideas for other shows as well. F?R?I?E?N?D?S, a situation-comedy, has a character, Joey (Matt LeBlanc), whose character played on Days of Our Lives as Dr. Drake Remorà ©. The show portrayed Joey as a not-so-great actor who eventually was killed off of Days of Our Lives for blabbing that he wrote h is own lines. And during an interview with a soap opera reporter on the show, when asked what his favorite soap was, Joey replied, â€Å"I never watch that crap, I have a life.† Such poetry was said in those few words. Amazing how a show on NBC can attack another show on NBC. One can only assume that there is a good reason for this. In conclusion, one word: Maury, self-explanatory. Daytime television has progressed from mindless drivel to pointless crap. Its main purpose is to serve as filler between the News at Noon and the News at Five for the News Channels. It is the anchor’s lunch break and prep time. It is what they put on to keep your interest. While they get ready to inform you about local and world events, they give you insight into the events of a messed-up imaginary world that could convince a mental patient on suicide watch that real life is not all that bad, or they try to sell you something. By the way, these programs â€Å"do not necessarily reflect the views of the station or its affiliates.† They do not necessarily reflect my views either. So here is a bit of advice: From 12 to 4 PM, your time is better spent to go outside, read a book, get a job, play a game, watch cable or satellite television, stay in school, or anything else other than watching local TV. Do yourself a favor and do not kill brain cells that could live a longer, happier life helping you reason and think and not drool while you sit in your recliner staring at what looks like TV, but is actually not; it is just filler, like the twelve song album of a one-hit-wonder. Research Papers on Daytime Television - Creative Writing Journal Informal EssayAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Hockey GameMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Spring and AutumnNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceTrailblazing by Eric Anderson

Daytime Television †Creative Writing Journal Informal Essay

Daytime Television – Creative Writing Journal Informal Essay Free Online Research Papers Daytime Television Creative Writing Journal Informal Essay Ah, home after a long three hour and ten minute day at school. Now it is time to relax. I sit down at the computer to check my mail and delete the spam that AOL never catches. Then I keep current on my little eBay â€Å"business† to see what is happening. After a disappointing run-in with that, I wonder what I can do next. â€Å"Hmm†¦,† I think to myself. â€Å"Why don’t I watch the television for awhile?† So, I go flip on the TV and sit down on the couch. I find the local channels flooded with the most enriching and entertaining programs. Why there are all sorts of things that I can see. First up, there are many infomercials on air. These are quite informative. Just the other day, I learned about how I can start selling novelties for large profits because I am able to buy them at wholesale. Not to mention that if the guy who played Richard’s dad on Happy Days says it is good, well I suppose it has to work, because that guy is rich. So, is the one person in Florida who makes five million dollars a year through mail-order business and the policeman who started with just fifty dollars in his pocket. I mean, this sure saved him from delivering mail or something and having to walk fifteen miles through the snow on his route uphill both ways. After this, there is a wonderful history lesson on foot orthotics and supports. The lesson slowly evolves into selling a product, as all infomercials do. It shows that if you stand up straight with your feet together and your arms bent in front of you at 90 degree angles with your hands together and someone pushes down on your hands, you will most likely stand on your tiptoes. But, if buy their product and someone pushes down on your hands while if you stand up straight with your feet together and your arms bent in front of you at 90 degree angles with your hands together, you will stand with your feet firmly on the ground. This simple parlor trick is available to viewer starting at only $49.99. And who can resist Tony Little’s Gazelle Elite? With Tony screaming for thirty minutes and assistants named Lisa, Lisa, and Dave, no one can. Nor can you not watch Chuck Norris challenge people at the local gym to try out the Total Gym. Best of all they can isolate their muscles on this machine. And for only $300 plus shipping and handling, I can look like Chuck Norris, or I can try the Gazelle Freestyle in my home risk free for thirty days for $14.95. I am guaranteed to love it. I think the subliminal messages are best said when the food commercials come on before the exercising commercials. For example, the Ultimate chopper can convert to the Ultimate blender and it makes the ultimate meals for the ultimate price. It makes the ultimate gift for the ultimate neighbor, friend, relative, guy on the street†¦. They tell you to buy three but one will ultimately suffice. It never breaks down, never wears out, and is guaranteed for life. And for all the viewers in Utah, buy one for each wife. Buy them left, buy them right, use it day and night but put lid on tight so it doesn’t take flight, the Ultimate Chopper is out of sight. With three ultimate payments of $39.99, it is the ultimate aid for the ultimate dine. The infomercials on FOX are a cry of relief from the soap operas on ABC, NBC and CBS. It does always seem that As the World Turns, the Days of Our Lives fade into the Passions of our desires. Although the Young and Restless second-rate actors and actresses could probably use a Guiding Light to get to the General Hospital for mental health, their Bold and Beautiful mindsets scream that they only have One Life to Live. Personally, I would not want All My Children watching any of these never-ending dramas. However, there is something to be said about these shows; their influential and addictive. Their target audience is women, but even men get caught up in the crap. They have inspired ideas for other shows as well. F?R?I?E?N?D?S, a situation-comedy, has a character, Joey (Matt LeBlanc), whose character played on Days of Our Lives as Dr. Drake Remorà ©. The show portrayed Joey as a not-so-great actor who eventually was killed off of Days of Our Lives for blabbing that he wrote h is own lines. And during an interview with a soap opera reporter on the show, when asked what his favorite soap was, Joey replied, â€Å"I never watch that crap, I have a life.† Such poetry was said in those few words. Amazing how a show on NBC can attack another show on NBC. One can only assume that there is a good reason for this. In conclusion, one word: Maury, self-explanatory. Daytime television has progressed from mindless drivel to pointless crap. Its main purpose is to serve as filler between the News at Noon and the News at Five for the News Channels. It is the anchor’s lunch break and prep time. It is what they put on to keep your interest. While they get ready to inform you about local and world events, they give you insight into the events of a messed-up imaginary world that could convince a mental patient on suicide watch that real life is not all that bad, or they try to sell you something. By the way, these programs â€Å"do not necessarily reflect the views of the station or its affiliates.† They do not necessarily reflect my views either. So here is a bit of advice: From 12 to 4 PM, your time is better spent to go outside, read a book, get a job, play a game, watch cable or satellite television, stay in school, or anything else other than watching local TV. Do yourself a favor and do not kill brain cells that could live a longer, happier life helping you reason and think and not drool while you sit in your recliner staring at what looks like TV, but is actually not; it is just filler, like the twelve song album of a one-hit-wonder. Research Papers on Daytime Television - Creative Writing Journal Informal EssayAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Hockey GameMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Spring and AutumnNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceTrailblazing by Eric Anderson

Daytime Television †Creative Writing Journal Informal Essay

Daytime Television – Creative Writing Journal Informal Essay Free Online Research Papers Daytime Television Creative Writing Journal Informal Essay Ah, home after a long three hour and ten minute day at school. Now it is time to relax. I sit down at the computer to check my mail and delete the spam that AOL never catches. Then I keep current on my little eBay â€Å"business† to see what is happening. After a disappointing run-in with that, I wonder what I can do next. â€Å"Hmm†¦,† I think to myself. â€Å"Why don’t I watch the television for awhile?† So, I go flip on the TV and sit down on the couch. I find the local channels flooded with the most enriching and entertaining programs. Why there are all sorts of things that I can see. First up, there are many infomercials on air. These are quite informative. Just the other day, I learned about how I can start selling novelties for large profits because I am able to buy them at wholesale. Not to mention that if the guy who played Richard’s dad on Happy Days says it is good, well I suppose it has to work, because that guy is rich. So, is the one person in Florida who makes five million dollars a year through mail-order business and the policeman who started with just fifty dollars in his pocket. I mean, this sure saved him from delivering mail or something and having to walk fifteen miles through the snow on his route uphill both ways. After this, there is a wonderful history lesson on foot orthotics and supports. The lesson slowly evolves into selling a product, as all infomercials do. It shows that if you stand up straight with your feet together and your arms bent in front of you at 90 degree angles with your hands together and someone pushes down on your hands, you will most likely stand on your tiptoes. But, if buy their product and someone pushes down on your hands while if you stand up straight with your feet together and your arms bent in front of you at 90 degree angles with your hands together, you will stand with your feet firmly on the ground. This simple parlor trick is available to viewer starting at only $49.99. And who can resist Tony Little’s Gazelle Elite? With Tony screaming for thirty minutes and assistants named Lisa, Lisa, and Dave, no one can. Nor can you not watch Chuck Norris challenge people at the local gym to try out the Total Gym. Best of all they can isolate their muscles on this machine. And for only $300 plus shipping and handling, I can look like Chuck Norris, or I can try the Gazelle Freestyle in my home risk free for thirty days for $14.95. I am guaranteed to love it. I think the subliminal messages are best said when the food commercials come on before the exercising commercials. For example, the Ultimate chopper can convert to the Ultimate blender and it makes the ultimate meals for the ultimate price. It makes the ultimate gift for the ultimate neighbor, friend, relative, guy on the street†¦. They tell you to buy three but one will ultimately suffice. It never breaks down, never wears out, and is guaranteed for life. And for all the viewers in Utah, buy one for each wife. Buy them left, buy them right, use it day and night but put lid on tight so it doesn’t take flight, the Ultimate Chopper is out of sight. With three ultimate payments of $39.99, it is the ultimate aid for the ultimate dine. The infomercials on FOX are a cry of relief from the soap operas on ABC, NBC and CBS. It does always seem that As the World Turns, the Days of Our Lives fade into the Passions of our desires. Although the Young and Restless second-rate actors and actresses could probably use a Guiding Light to get to the General Hospital for mental health, their Bold and Beautiful mindsets scream that they only have One Life to Live. Personally, I would not want All My Children watching any of these never-ending dramas. However, there is something to be said about these shows; their influential and addictive. Their target audience is women, but even men get caught up in the crap. They have inspired ideas for other shows as well. F?R?I?E?N?D?S, a situation-comedy, has a character, Joey (Matt LeBlanc), whose character played on Days of Our Lives as Dr. Drake Remorà ©. The show portrayed Joey as a not-so-great actor who eventually was killed off of Days of Our Lives for blabbing that he wrote h is own lines. And during an interview with a soap opera reporter on the show, when asked what his favorite soap was, Joey replied, â€Å"I never watch that crap, I have a life.† Such poetry was said in those few words. Amazing how a show on NBC can attack another show on NBC. One can only assume that there is a good reason for this. In conclusion, one word: Maury, self-explanatory. Daytime television has progressed from mindless drivel to pointless crap. Its main purpose is to serve as filler between the News at Noon and the News at Five for the News Channels. It is the anchor’s lunch break and prep time. It is what they put on to keep your interest. While they get ready to inform you about local and world events, they give you insight into the events of a messed-up imaginary world that could convince a mental patient on suicide watch that real life is not all that bad, or they try to sell you something. By the way, these programs â€Å"do not necessarily reflect the views of the station or its affiliates.† They do not necessarily reflect my views either. So here is a bit of advice: From 12 to 4 PM, your time is better spent to go outside, read a book, get a job, play a game, watch cable or satellite television, stay in school, or anything else other than watching local TV. Do yourself a favor and do not kill brain cells that could live a longer, happier life helping you reason and think and not drool while you sit in your recliner staring at what looks like TV, but is actually not; it is just filler, like the twelve song album of a one-hit-wonder. Research Papers on Daytime Television - Creative Writing Journal Informal EssayAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Hockey GameMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Spring and AutumnNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceTrailblazing by Eric Anderson

How to Figure Out if You Can Patent Your Idea

How to Figure Out if You Can Patent Your Idea A  patent  is a set of  exclusive rights  granted to an inventor for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an  invention. An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem and is a product or a process. The procedure for granting patents, requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements. Typically, however, a granted patent application must include one or more  claims  that define the invention. A patent may include many claims, each of which defines a specific property right. These claims must meet relevant  patentability  requirements, such as  novelty,  usefulness, and  non-obviousness. The exclusive right granted to a patentee in most countries is the right to prevent others, or at least to try to prevent others, from commercially making, using, selling, importing or distributing a patented invention without permission. Under the  World Trade Organizations (WTO)  Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, patents should be available in WTO member states for any invention, in all fields of technology, and the term of protection  available should be a minimum of 20  years.  Nevertheless, there are variations on what is  patentable subject matter  from country to country. Is Your Idea  Patentable? To see if your idea is patentable: First, check to see if your idea qualifies.Second, learn the basics of the patenting process.Next, do a search for of all previous public disclosures that concern your invention. These public disclosures are called prior art. Prior art includes any patents related to your invention, any published articles about your invention, and any public demonstrations. This determines if your idea has been patented before or publicly disclosed, making it unpatentable. A registered patent attorney or agent can be hired to do a patentability search for prior art, and a big part of that is searching for U.S. and foreign patents that compete with your invention. After an application is filed, the USPTO will conduct their own patentability search as part of the official examination process. Patent Searching Conducting a thorough patent search is difficult, particularly for the novice. Patent searching is a learned skill. A novice in the United States could contact the nearest Patent and Trademark Depository Library (PTDL) and seek out search experts to help in setting up a search strategy. If you are in the Washington, D.C. area, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) provides public access to collections of patents, trademarks, and other documents at its Search Facilities located in Arlington, Virginia. It is possible, however difficult, for you to conduct your own patent search. You should not assume that your idea has not been patented even if you find no evidence of it being publicly disclosed. It is important to remember that a thorough examination at the USPTO may uncover U.S. and foreign patents as well as non-patent literature.

MANAGMENT OF HEALTH AND SAFETY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

MANAGMENT OF HEALTH AND SAFETY - Assignment Example (2002) stated that contrary to the standard business of product and services, customer satisfaction is intangible and challenging to measure but it is a fundamental aspect of the hospitality business. The industry involves offering an environment that mimics the customer’s comfort zone in terms of accommodation and catering as well as communication. Health and safety must be guaranteed for customers and employees to ensure accomplishment of customer expectations in the hospitality industry are perceived with greater intensity than for many other products and services (David, 2009). Garden, (2008) observed that modern technology has enhanced customer feedback mechanisms, such as the application of mobile technology for customers to place a request and to give instantaneous feedback with regards to the services offered. According to Marshall & Johnston (2009), customers are rational in their evaluation and may give positive remarks where least expected or fail to give credit whe re it is highly anticipated. Hammond et al. (2006) proposes a point of involvement and feedback check whereby employees and customers are offered a chance to indicate if they are satisfied with the health and safety measures that have been put in place within the organization at all levels of the supply chain. Electronic devices can be installed in the various facilities available for customers and employees for them to key in anonymously their views regarding their perceptions with regard to their health and safety. These include food, water and environmental safety in relation to facilities such as kitchen, toilet, bathroom, and bed or water dispenser among others. Whenever an issue is detected, it is electronically transmitted directly into the management’s notification system. Zheng (2004) observed that constant monitoring of the implementation of health and safety standards is necessary for effective improvements whenever changes are needed. Popper (2004) noted that heal th and safety surveys enhance an organizations capacity to retain and also attract potential customers as well as to retain employees. This is accomplished through well designed and implemented study questions that allow real trend exploration. Such surveys provide useful information regarding the necessary amendments to improve health and safety standards. CODEX ELEMENTARIOS was developed by the UN to control risks in 1962. It developed the hazard assessment system called HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control; Point). Health and safety study helps in risk analysis to determine if there is high risk (Critical Control Point), medium risk or low risk (control points). It is important to help in the analysis of the intensity or severity of risk and frequency of occurrence (Kotler et al. 2002). 3.0 Research Question Are employees and customers exposed to risks that may affect their well-being? 3.1 Research Philosophy, Approach and Strategy This research will be based on the genera l understanding that workers and customers are rational and will offer a true reflection of their feelings regarding their health and safety in the organization. It is assumed that they clearly understand what they need and are also capable of evaluating whether their expectations have been met. It is also expected that employees and customers will be ready to sacrifice 5 minutes of their time to

Product Costing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Product Costing - Essay Example This implies that, the cost of a finished unit in inventory will include direct materials and labor, and both fixed and variable manufacturing overheads. It is notable that, absorption costing is the most preferred method for external reporting as per the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). Absorption costing is fundamental in tracing the variable costs of production and the fixed costs attributed to the production of the product (Riahi, 2001). It is imperative to note that, absorption costing is dissimilar from the other costing methods since it takes into account fixed manufacturing overhead (the counting expenses ) such as factory rent, utilities and amortization (Riahi, 2001). Absorption costing forms three different types of costing, which include job order costing, process and ABC costing. Job order costing Considering the job order costing, the costs are assigned to the product in Batches or lots (Avis & Killick, 2009). Job order method is used in companies that o ffer bespoke or distinctive products or services. It is common in service industries that, serve customers with inimitable needs. Such services may include tracing of the number of hours spent on each individual client’s account (Avis & Killick, 2009). Fundamentally, the manufacturing cost categories include direct materials, direct labor and manufacturing overhead. All these jobs are counted as inventory until the good or product is sold. It is essential to note that, the job order cost system requires the manufacturing costs recorded in a document called the job cost sheet. This sheet provides a detailed record of the cost incurred to complete a specific job. Consider the following illustrations that, indicates how three kinds of manufacturing costs are allotted in a job order cost system. Direct materials job cost sheet Direct Labor manufacturing overhead Fixed overhead rate It is noticeable that, direct materials and direct labor costs are allotted to jobs differently tha n manufacturing overhead costs. For instance, the direct costs, requires keeping of track of the costs of specific jobs with a set of records referred to as the source documents. Essentially a source document is a hard copy document similar to the receipt issued after payment (Horngren, Datar & Rajan, 2012). However most companies use paperless system where information is stored in electronic databases. On the other hand, manufacturing overhead comprises of the costs that cannot be directly traced to particular jobs. It is imperative to note that, on assigning these jobs, accountants should use a predetermined overhead rate based on some secondary allotment measure and cost driver. The material requisition form refers to the form that lists the quantity and cost of the direct materials used in a particular job. This is normally done before materials are used on a job. The fundamental purpose of this form is control the physical outflow of materials from inventory and into production . Similarly, a direct labor time tickets refers to a source document that shows how much time a laborer spends on a range of jobs per week. On the other hand, job cost sheet is a document that gives a summary of all the costs incurred on a specific job. Process costing Process costing refers to a costing method where all costs are

Applications Of Lanthanides For Medicine

Applications Of Lanthanides For Medicine Lanthanides have been used for medicinal applications since the 1980s but the development of technology has led to a demand for new developments.1 Lanthanides, known as rare-earth elements, have a wide range of photophysical properties that are amenable to spectroscopic and crystallographic studies.1 This, along with the absence of lanthanides in biological systems, makes them ideal for studying protein structure and interactions. The chemistry of lanthanides arises from the shielded electrons in the 4f orbitals, located within the outermost filled 5s/5p orbitals2. This shielding means the luminescent f-f transitionsehibited by lanthanides are almost ligand-dependent. Despite their chemical similarities each lanthanide gives its own distinctive colour, luminescence emission spectra and nuclear magnetic properties.2 They are electropositive, very reactive and favour the Ln3+ oxidation state. It is these properties that make them useful as medicinal agents.1 Figure The f block lanthanidesLn3+ ions have similar ionic radii, donor atom preferences and coordination numbers in binding sites as Ca2+ ions which means that to some extent Ln3+ can mimic Ca2+ behaviour.3 For drugs molecules to reach their target they first need to be absorbed across the cell membrane a calcium dependent process. Calcium concentrations of mM are needed for efficient drug uptake, but these are rarely achieved under cellular conditions and even when it is the cell is likely to become damaged.3 It has recently been found that Ln3+ can perforate the membrane at concentrations as low as 10-5 M. It is therefore no surprise that co-administration of drugs with Ln3+ has led to an increased intracellular accumulation.3 This property has allowed lanthanides to be used as a co-administer to drugs, as a drug itself and imaging agents.3 Medicinal applications Anti cancer agents Lanthanides have been known to be anti cancer agents since the early 1990s primarily through the induction of apoptosis.3 Lanthanides, particularly Tb3+, increase the infux of Ca2+ into cells thus increasing the intracellular levels. This increases the endonuclease activity, leading to DNA cleavage and therefore apoptosis.4 The same result is achieved by the inhibition of phosphodiesterase, the molecule responsible for the degradation of cyclic adenosine 3,5-monophosphate (cAMP).4,5 The molecule cAMP has an important role in DNA replication and an increase in its levels leads to a corresponding increase in the protein kinase (PKA) levels. This has two effects both of which lead to apoptosis; the increase of endonuclease activity and the expression of apoptosis genes.3,5 However, these methods were not selective and influenced healthy tissues as well as cancerous ones.4 New developments have targeted this drawback in an attempt to limit the side effects of treatment. Titania nanoparticles (NPs) have the potential to target tumours in a non-invasive manner.4 Titania, a wide band gap semiconductor, produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) following excitation of valence band electrons to the conductance band upon stimulation.4 These photoelectrochemical reactions can be promoted by x-ray irradiation which allows non-invasive penetration of the human body. Two papers, published by H.Townley et al. and A.Gnach et al., reported the discovery that the interaction of titania-NPs with x-rays can be optimised by using lanthanides as dopants.4,5 Normal cells can tolerate a certain level of exogenous ROS due to a reserve of antioxidants which counteract the ROS activity.3 Cancerous cells have metabolic abnormalities which increase the intracellular ROS levels. This makes them more dependent on the intracellular antioxidant system and vulnerable to exogenous ROS levels.4,5 Lanthanide doped NPs generate higher levels of ROS, due to the lanthanides allowing increased x-ray absorption, than general NPs thus playing on this vulnerability. The increased levels cause DNA and mitochondrial damage, causing apoptosis.4,5 NPs have the capability to accumulate in tumours as a result of the defective tumour vasculature. This gives them the potential to be selective to cancer cells thus reducing side effects. The NPs can also be coated with moieties for specific targeting and activation further limiting the damage to healthy tissues.5 These properties of the NPs are enhanced by lanthanide doping thus giving a new application for lanthanides. The best results have been seen for [emailprotected] and [emailprotected] Imaging Figure The traditional contrasting agent with Gd3+ bound to the chelate ligand and the water molecule under observation.Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has been vastly improved due to the use of contrasting agents (CA) since 1988.6 These act to improve the contrast between healthy and pathological tissue by influencing the relaxation rate of protons of bound water molecules, T2.7 The faster the relaxation rate, the higher the intensity and the sharper the image achieved. Relaxation rates are increased when the water molecule is close to a paramagnetic centre. Gd3+ has 7 unpaired electrons and is used as contrasting agents in MRI due to its highly paramagnetic centre.6 The traditional contrasting agents used Gd3+ bound to a chelate ligand through eight donor atoms (figure 2). This gives the complex the stability and strong binding needed to ensure that Gd3 is not released into the blood.6 However, Gd3+ is unselective and distributes over a wide region of extracellular space. Develop ments have been made to make the distribution more selective by linking Gd3+ chelates to moieties that cause accumulation in areas of interest.7 However, the increase of the magnetic strength from 64 MHz to the present 125 MHz has led to the decrease in the efficiency of Gd3+ based CAs. Therefore developments have had to be made to meet the technological demands. Current commercial contrasting agents are based on Gd-DPTA, Gd-DOTA and their derivatives but utilizing the magnetic and luminescent properties of other lanthanides has allowed the developments of new CA.8 A paper recently published by C.Andolinia et al. described how the near infrared (NIR) luminescence of the lanthanides Dy3+Â  and Yb3+ has been combined with the traditional MRI-CA to create new multimodal imaging agents.6 These complexes act as light harvesting antenna due to the bifunctional chelators/chromophores present. They surround the reaction centre, in this case the tissues, and funnel absorbed energy to the reaction centre.8 It is through this method that more of the incoming radiation is absorbed and the contrast is improved. Optical probes absorb photons from the excitation source within the visible region as well as absorbing the photons caused by biomolecules.6 Therefore the absorption and luminescent emission of optical probes are both in the visible region which l eads to a decrease in the limit of detection as well as the depths that the photons can reach. The NIR probes have the advantage that the depth of light penetration is increased due to their excitation wavelengths being outside of the biological window.6 Evaluation of all of the lanthanides has shown Yb3+ to be the most efficient NIR and MRI bimodal imaging agent.7 Osteoporotic treatment Bones are involved in a very precise cycle of the resorption and desorption of the bone tissue, see figure 3. Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease in which the bone density is decreased through higher levels of resorption than desorption. It is most commonly treated with biphosphonates which inhibit resorption thus preventing bone degradation.9 However, this class of drugs is poorly lipophilic and thus have a low oral bioavailability. To counteract this, the drug must be administered in high concentrations which causes GI tract problems, low patient tolerability and suspected osteoporotic issues in the jaw.9 Figure The continuous cycle of bone degradation and rebuildingIt is well known that lanthanide ions preferentially accumulate within the bone3 where they have an inhibitory effect on osteroclasts (bone degradation) and a stimulatory effect on osteoblasts (bone making). Due to the chemical similarities of Ln3+ and Ca2+ mentioned before, Ln3+ can potentially replace Ca2+ ions within the bone and affect the bone turnover cycle.3 Y.Mawani et al. discovered that heavier lanthanide ions show a 50-70% accumulation in the bones compared to lighter ions which have a >25% accumulation.9 The half life for a lanthanide ion in the bone is 2.5 years compared to an elimination time from soft tissues, such as the liver, of 15 days. These properties have led to heavier lanthanide ions being used for osteoporotic therapy.9 Furthermore, adjustment of the ligand structure has allowed the improvement of oral availability leading to an increased uptake and reduced side effects. Previous lanthanide comple xes were found to be poorly soluble in aqueous phases therefore reducing the absorption across the GI tract.9 This led to small levels of lanthanide ions accumulating in the bones therefore making the treatment inefficient. The development of an orally active drug that can pass through the GI tract has allowed efficient delivery of lanthanides to the bone. Conclusion Despite the initial disregarding of lanthanides due to suspected toxicity they have shown to have excellent properties for use as medicinal agents. The similarity of Ln3+Â  and Ca2+ has allowed lanthanides ions to be used as anti-osteoporotic agents as well as for increasing the permeability of cells to other drugs. New developments have seen lanthanide ions being used as cancer agents, by causing increased levels of ROS, as well as improving the already existing imaging techniques.

Advertising-Critical Appraisal Essay

Abstract: The paper traces the journey of television in India which started for promoting development and serving the cause of the poor and the underprivileged. While some efforts were made to fulfil these brave goals, television also earned the unholy reputation of being a vehicle for government propaganda. Doordarshan – the public service broadcaster was the only available terrestrial network till 1991 when transnational satellite television channels began to make forays into the country. Soon Indian players entered the television industry thereby leading to enormous expansion. Since then, the very nature of Indian broadcasting has changed. Television has transformed from a medium devoted to development communication and the cause of the marginalised, to a true middle-class medium. Contemporary Indian television is divorced from the realities of the ‘other half of India that lives in abject poverty and deprivation, thus presenting a distorted view of social reality. This paper seeks to examine these and other related issues, and make some suggestions for policy initiatives to put the development agenda back on television. See more: The Issues Concerning Identity Theft Essay Keywords: Indian television, Doordarshan, television and development communication, public service broadcasting, commercialisation of Indian television, broadcast regulation 1 Introduction Out of the different mass media such as newspapers, radio, television, internet among others, the one introduced in the country with the aim of promoting development was television. Television began in India in 1959 as an educational project supported by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) and the Ford Foundation. Television was based on the model of a public broadcasting system prevalent in many countries of Europe. In independent India, the political leaders recognised the value of information and its use for accelerating the process of development. Thus was started a model of public broadcasting committed to inform, educate and entertain the people. The then Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru decided to have full government control over broadcasting for the time being. In retrospect, many observers feel that it was the hangover of the colonial legacy of controlling the media and fears about the power of the mass media to inflame social conflicts that prevented Indian policy makers from thinking creatively about radio and television in the country (Agrawal and Raghaviah, 2006; Jeffrey, 2006). In the decades since 1959, vast changes took place in the television landscape of India. In its early years, apart from being used as an educational tool, television was also misused as a mouthpiece for the central government and the party in power. Programming was primarily in Hindi and much of the news and current affairs focussed on Delhi – the seat of political power (Johnson, 2000; Singhal and Rogers, 2001). Thus, while television was entrusted with the brave goal of promoting national integration, the same medium was found to reinforce a sense of alienation in many parts of the country particularly in the north-eastern states (Joshi, 1985; Ninan, 1995; Page and Crawley, 2001). Despite being the world leader in experimenting with television and satellite technology, India failed to capitalise on the lessons learnt from early development communication projects such as the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) and the much acclaimed Kheda Communication Project (Singhal and Rogers, 2001). Contemporary Indian television is criticised by many for having shifted from its humanitarian goals and becoming a medium for the urban middle class. It is this class which owns and operate most of the television industry in India. It is the same class which is transmitting its own values, principles, and opinions to the rest of India (Johnson, 2000). Consequently, the cause of the poor, underprivileged people for whose development the medium was brought to the country has suffered a setback. Changes in the television system did not occur in India alone. There was a worldwide trend during the 1980s towards the commercialisation of television. Herman and Mc Chesney (2001) argue that during this decade the policies of deregulation and privatisation were applied to national broadcasting and telecommunication systems that were traditionally regulated and often publicly owned and operated. This had a detrimental impact on public service programs which were replaced with more and more entertainment programming. The subsequent sections in the paper examine the divergence between the rhetoric of television for development and actual practice. Some of the ground-breaking initiatives in development communication using television are also captured. Before that, it becomes essential to dwell on the concept of development communication and the role of media is social change. Role of Media in Development It is important at this point to clarify the meaning of „development communication‟ for the term has a wide variety of connotations. Development communication is more than agricultural extension or rural communication. It doesn‟t restrict itself merely to the development of rural areas, nor is it concerned with agricultural development alone. It is oriented towards development whether it be in rural or urban areas, or in areas such as agriculture, family planning, or nutrition (Gupta, 1995). Theory and research suggests that mass communication can act as a positive agent of social change for some people while impeding and obstructing change for others (Johnson, 2000). There are many who dispute the role played by the mass media in bringing about social change (Gupta, 1995; Rodrigues, 2010; Vilanilam, 2005). Gupta (1995) asserts that radio and television are the best sources for creating awareness and interest among the audience regarding a new message or idea â€Å"but when it comes to adoption of the idea, interpersonal sources such as extension agents, friends, neighbours, family members are the most effective† (Gupta, 1995, p.72). In the 1960s, communication scholars and media experts were quite sure that television and the other media of mass communication would help national development. The media were considered the prime motivators of development. Eminent communication scholars such as Daniel Lerner, Wilbur Schramm and Everett M. Rogers, who based their theories of development and media efficacy on the important work of Walter Rostow, namely, The Stages of Economic Growth, stressed that the economic and technological development achieved by the Western nations were the result of increased media use (Vilanilam, 2005). However, since the 1970s the dominant paradigms of development have been challenged by different disciplines (Gupta, 1995; Vilanilam, 2005). It has been realised that distribution of goods and services along with economic and political opportunities among the majority is a pre-requisite for development. An information revolution ushered into a largely private society without appropriate changes in the social structure will not benefit the large majority of the people (Vilanilam, 2005). Everett M. Rogers and many other theorists criticised the dominant paradigm of development (as cited in Rodrigues, 2010) and broadened its definition from one that centred on materialistic economic growth to other social values such as social advancement. The concept of development in the 1970s was expanded as a widely participatory process of social change in a society, intended to bring about both social and material advancement, including greater equality, freedom, and other valued qualities, for the majority of the people by giving them greater control over their environment. Similarly, the new concept of development communication that began to emerge dealt with the promotion of social change leading to improvement in people‟s quality of living, by encouraging better health, higher literacy and higher production of goods through more effective communication (Rodrigues, 2010). There was also a tendency in communication theory and practice to regard the television audience as passive beings moulded and manipulated by those who create the media messages (Johnson, 2000). Many development communication campaigns suffered on this count. However, it is increasingly being realised that for such messages to be effective, people must be involved at all stages – planning, production, and presentation. The need for localisation of development communication has been emphasised by many researchers and commentators (Joshi, 1985; Page and Crawley, 2001; Singhal and Rogers, 2001; Verghese, 1978). The Beginning of Television in India: In the name of Development When television was introduced in the country in 1959, it started as an experiment in social communication for which small teleclubs were organised in Delhi and provided with community television sets. Educational television began in 1961 to support middle and higher secondary school education. Its experiments in teaching of science, mathematics, and language proved successful and received appreciation from many UNESCO experts (Kumar, 2000). A few years later telecasts for farmers began in the form of Krishi Darshan. It was telecast on Wednesdays and Fridays for 20 minutes each day and served 80 villages (around Delhi) provided with community television sets. This pilot project was initiated by the Department of Atomic Energy in collaboration with the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, All India Radio, the Indian Agricultural Research Institute and the Delhi Administration (Kumar, 2000). Vikram Sarabhai, the architect of India‟s satellite communication experiments, in 1969 presented a paper entitled â€Å"Television for Development† at the Society for International Development Conference in New Delhi. The idea that the backward countries can and should tap the most advanced communication technologies including television for leapfrogging into rapid economic growth and social transformation was first presented here (Joshi, 1985). Indian television in its infancy was managed by All India Radio. In 1976, television was separated from radio and given a new name – Doordarshan. This adjunct arrangement is seen by some commentators as an impediment to the natural development of television in its initial years (Page and Crawley, 2001). The public service broadcaster – Doordarshan has been used over the years to deliver a number of useful messages. These include messages on family planning, immunization, nutrition of the mother and the child, the need to stem bias against the girl child, among others. Experience suggests that some communication campaigns have worked better than others. A key reason for the failure of many development communication campaigns was the lack of co-ordination with field level agencies (Ninan, 1995; Singhal and Rogers, 2001). Ninan (1995) explains just why the family planning message, the mainstay of development communication messages on television, failed to work. She attributes the failure to the inability of state agencies to provide back-up facilities in rural areas that were required to make the campaign successful. On the other hand, certain messages conveyed through television have worked well. Notable in this category are the health, hygiene, sanitation, and oral rehydration messages which people have adopted to a large extent (Ninan, 1995). Educational Television is another area in which Doordarshan has made significant contribution. Ever since the inception of television in India in 1959, one major responsibility entrusted to it is to provide support for the education system in the country. School television (STV) was launched in October 1961 as an organised, systematic and sequential support to formal school instruction. Teachers appreciated STV as a tool for teaching and presentation of content (Kumar, 2000). The country-wide classroom initiative of the University Grants Commission dedicated to higher education started its telecast on Doordarshan in 1984 with one-hour educational programmes. Though the urban youth may not even be aware of such programmes, these were found to be very useful in the small towns and remote areas of the country where people had less access to other sources of information (Ninan, 1995). In order to boost educational telecasts, a satellite channel devoted exclusively to education Gyandarshan was launched in 2000 in collaboration with the Ministry of Human Resource Development and the Indira Gandhi National Open University. Gyandarshan offers interesting and informative programmes of relevance to special categories – pre-school kids, primary and secondary school children, college and university students, youth seeking career opportunities, housewives, adults, and many others. In addition to educational fare, programmes from abroad are also broadcast to offer viewers a window to the world (Agrawal and Raghaviah, 2006). For three decades ever since the inception of television, the dominant theme was communication for development so as to improve the quality of life for the vast rural majority. The logic was that in an underdeveloped, largely rural country; television could be used to convey messages on agricultural improvement, health care, and family planning to millions of people without depending on the extension infrastructure such a task would normally require. But the irony was that none of this was done imaginatively or consistently (Ninan, 1995). Commenting on the weaknesses of India‟s educational and instructional broadcasts, the Verghese Committee set up in 1977 to suggest an autonomous framework for broadcasting, noted that in the absence of co-ordination with concerned government departments and educational institutions; the health, farm and educational broadcasts have not been very effective. Another area where it felt the broadcast media was found inadequate was in promoting social justice and educating the underprivileged about their rights (Verghese, 1978). Despite some such shortcomings, Indian television also has to its credit significant initiatives of promoting social change in rural areas. Notable among them are SITE, the educational telecasts and the Kheda Communication Project. One of the most extensive educational and social research projects, perhaps the largest national television experiment in the world, has been SITE (Vilanilam, 2005). Some of these landmark initiatives are discussed in the next section. Landmark Initiatives in Development Communication using Television The journey of television in India took a new turn with the launch of the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment in 1975-76. It was a one year pilot-project using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration‟s ATS-6 satellite to broadcast educational messages through satellite to 2400 villages in the six states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Bihar, Orissa, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Its objectives were to improve rural primary education, provide teacher training, improve agriculture, health and hygiene, and nutritional practices and contribute to family planning and national integration (Singhal and Rogers, 2001). SITE was â€Å"an unqualified success in terms of hardware but the software wasn‟t specific enough to the area and audience in content or language, and therefore was not so useful and comprehensible† (Joshi, 1985, p.32). The important lesson learnt was that the software has to be area-specific, relevant to the needs and aspirations of the audience, and has to be in the local language (Page and Crawley, 2001; Singhal and Rogers, 2001). The Kheda Communication Project (KCP) launched in 1976 remains to-date the most innovative experiment in using television for empowerment and participatory rural development. Initially known as Pij TV, it used a one-kilowatt transmitter. The Pij transmitter could be received in a radius of about 30 km from Pij village (Agrawal and Raghaviah, 2006). It was India‟s first effort at decentralised community television broadcasting and received the prestigious UNESCO-IPDC prize for rural communication effectiveness. Some 650 community television sets were provided to 400 villages and installed in public places. One of the reasons for the success of the KCP was due to its ability to tap into the existing development infrastructure of Kheda district. It collaborated with extension agencies working in dairying, agriculture and health services, with local banks, cooperatives and employment exchanges (Singhal and Rogers, 2001). The accent was on participatory programme making, the themes were often local, dared to deal with controversial subjects such as caste discrimination, alcoholism etc., and for the first time systemic audience research was carried out (Thomas, 2010). Recognising it contribution, UNESCO noted, â€Å"Kheda was an exceptional example of the combining of modern technologies with a participatory approach to communication. The project employed traditional cultural expressions of a rural community in the creation of its audiovisual programmes, while using modern evaluation techniques for its programme planning. Overall, this project proved to be a good example of the applications of 9 communication for the promotion of human development, particularly of the rural poor, women and children† (UNESCO website, 2011, para. 14). Despite being such a success, the Kheda Project was carried out in splendid isolation from the mainstream and its lessons were not allowed to influence the development and programme trajectory adopted by Doordarshan (Thomas, 2010).